The “laws” in the first case are “laws of thought” or connected logical laws: in the latter case we have laws of psychic events, “psychological” laws. The transformation of the notion and the familiar into thought ... Such a sphere of spiritual existence is Morality, the all-sufficient spiritual order of the finite spirit as an individual. The individual may lay exclusive stress on the self-completeness which he possesses through being the source and origin of his own laws. Perception, Thing, & Deceptiveness III. It now tries to make the realization of universal purposes in the shape of the Good depend solely on its own activity, the objective sphere in which the good is to be carried out being regarded as at once external to its ends, opposing its activity, and yet requiring these ends to be carried out in order to have any moral significance. The “unconditioned universal” to which we are led by the analysis of perception takes shape, therefore, as “force”. The “good will” is the purely universal will, and is the only will in the world from this point of view. Observation of self-consciousness as self-consciousness, and as standing in relation to external reality. Its very conditions, however, give rise to delusion and deception of another kind. In particular the physiological conceptions of “irritability”, “sensibility” and “reproduction”, discussed on p. 302 ff., were first formulated by Haller, Elementa Physiologiae (1757-66). (c) The Law of Pure Distinction: the Inverted World. The specific historical background of Hegel's thought in this section, and to some extent in the preceding section, is supplied by the social life of the Greek city state. (3) Dissolution of the Ethical Being. b.The truth of enlightenment. It is in Greece that we find most fully realized the all-sufficiency of the state for the individual, which Hegel has here in view, a sufficiency which was at once the strength and beauty, as well as the pathos and weakness, of Greek social life. Translator's comments: The first stage fails as it stands to do complete justice to the full meaning of morality. Treated in any other way, noumena can at best be only another kind of phenomena; and this raises anew precisely the problem which the opposition of phenomena or noumena was intended to solve. (3) The Ego and Desire, A. (3) Lord and Bondsman, B.
The equality of the selves is the truth, or completer realization, of self in another self ; the affinity is higher and more ultimate than the disparity. These religions are treated, however, as illustrations of principles dominating the religious consciousness m general, rather than as merely historical phenomena. Translator's comments: The previous section has established the self as ultimately a free self. 1, pp. Work, deeds, facts have a universal character as well as a particular nature: in the former aspect they cannot be one's own, in the latter aspect they cannot be another's: yet both aspects are inseparable. Each is “honest” and “honourable” in so doing: each is concerned with his own “real intent” and his own “fact”. (2) Observation of Organic Nature But such a self-complete type of experience has various levels of realization. 12. 82-83. To attempt to enunciate laws from itself as if it could create the conditions of its own inherent universality can only issue in one result: laws are furnished without the content which gives those laws any meaning, or else the laws and the content remain from first to last external to one another. This remarkable work was written in 1760, but was first brought to the notice of the literary public by Goethe, who translated and published the work in 1805. Historical and mathematical truth Translator's comments: The mood of moral sentimentalism is reduced to confusion and contradiction: but the subjective individualism in which it is rooted is not yet eradicated. The former starts from the compact solidarity of the social substance, and results in the establishment of separate and individually complete legal personalities. The general principle is not worked out in detail, with the same obviousness, in the case of the other two primary types of Religion – Art and Revealed Religion. Translator's comments: The title of this section sounds unfamiliar; but the purpose of the analysis is plain, and the argument is essential as a stage in the unfolding of what rational self-contained individuality implies. are embraced in its single totality, it may use each and all of these various modes as the media through and in which to appear.
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