Shortly afterwards, it then reaches its first level, at about 500 m above sea level, where both Lebanon’s mountain ranges disappear, giving way to the “Homs Gap” and the fertile Tell an Nabi Mindu plain it flows across. long, the river draws water from It drains northern Beqaa, a portion of mainland Syria and of the Turkish Hatay, from the slopes of Lebanon to the foothills of the Taurus, over a stretch of nearly 610 km. north of Lattiqiyeh. height of Heliopolis, Baalbek. bored through the rock by Queen Zenobia supplied water The three major dam storage capacity – Ar Rastan, and Muhradah Qattinah – is 200 to 500 million m3 per year. The upper Orontes, upstream the Aïn ez Zarqa spring, 650 m high, is very similar to a “wadi”, a seasonal stream, or even a temporary one, whose thalweg (main channel) is not clearly defined. If one travels The whole area, naturally poorly drained and also fed by powerful springs from the coastal mountains and Syrian Jabal az Zawiyah karsts, has long been unhealthy and swampy. | Ecards // Most Orontes River tributaries converge toward that area. There are tanks for fish-farming.
[1], Two large tributaries from the north, the southward flowing Afrin on the west and Karasu on the east join it through the former Lake of Antioch, which is now drained through an artificial channel (Nahr al-Kowsit).
of vehicles daily come to this source for their passengers | Wallpapers , Proceedings of the International Conference held in Udine, 9-11 December 2004, Studi Archeologici su Qatna 1, Forum Editrice, Udine, p. 337-339.
- The Tell an Nabi Mindu plain, which hosts Lake Qattinah (or Lake of Homs) is a large Neogene outcropping generated, behind basalt flows, by a once very large body of water. The Orontes basin is characterized by a complex geological structure and lithology. The barrier of the basaltic Jabal al-Ala mesa forces the river to again change its course, to the northwest this time, towards Hama. It is through these gorges that the Orontes flows out of the area under study. [1] Leaving this it expands into the Lake of Homs in Syria also known as Qattinah lake formed by a Roman-era dam and through the city of Homs (or Ḥimṣ). These springs average flow-rate is estimated at 13 m3/s (Abdulsalam 1990, p. 50). Amapaea and Antioch, but in fact it only runs through The river flow is then set at 18 m3/s on average and is inflated due to the large number of springs flowing on the edges of the Ghab, fed from the coastal range on one hand and the Jabal az Zawiyah on the other. | Posters High waters start in June, averaging 16.5 m3/s, with a nearly four-month delay relatively to maximum rainfalls occurring in January-February; this is partly due to the melting of the snow on the Lebanon Mountains that feed the karstic springs.
These are built across wadis, to store water, like the Zeita dam, whose particular feature is to be fed by the river also, just before the Orontes flows into Syria, through a canal. ): its course – and the same is true of the Litani and the Jordan – corresponds to the great Syrian ditch, with a North-South axis, located on a transform fault that is part of the Red Sea rift system, which extends from the Gulf of Aqaba to the Amanus. From there, the Orontes flows down the slopes to Darkush and reaches the plain of Amouk, its last stage, which it crosses all the way to Antakya where the last break of slope leads it to its Mediterranean outlet. Yet, those highlands – and their, albeit lower, counterparts: the Anti-Lebanon – are at the origin of the karstic supply provided by the abundant springs that generate the Orontes and feed the large Northern Beqaa “oases”: Baalbek, Laboue, Hermel, but also the smallest oases of Younine of Fakehe or Ras Baalbek. and nuts. The often bare surfaces of these plateaus, now reclaimed by fruit trees, traditionally used to host rain-fed grain farming. There
and Radio | Presentation.
still turn day and night the famous Norias or water [1] To the west is the Coastal Mountain Range. It drains northern Beqaa, a portion of mainland Syria and of the Turkish Hatay, from the slopes of Lebanon to the foothills of the Taurus, over a stretch of nearly 610 km. All 250 miles (405 km) long. Indeed, from Shayzar à Qarqur, there stretches out a two-fold flat landscape, which for a long time remained largely unhealthy marshlands: the plains of Al ‘Asharinah and Al Ghab, which correspond to rift valleys. and swimming. It waters the land But the plentiful and relatively regular Orontes waters are not only beneficial. [1] On the Orontes was fought the major Battle of Kadesh (circa 1274 BC) between the Egyptian army of Ramesses II from the south and the Hittite army of Muwatalli II from the north. In Qarqour, a break in slope closes the Ghab with a basaltic sill. [2], For the Assyrians, the river was named Arantu in the 9th century BC while the Egyptians named it Araunti; the etymology of the name is unknown. It receives about 782 Mm3/year in renewable recharge, in addition to about 568 Mm3/year lateral flows from surrounding areas. Finally, the Qarqur-Darkush narrow pass also brings its contribution to the river flow through sources fed from Jabal al Kosseir, Jabal al Wastani and the polje Ruj. Līṭānī River, Arabic Nahr Al-Līṭānī, Latin Leontes, chief river of Lebanon, rising in a low divide west of Baalbek and flowing southwestward through the Al-Biqāʿ Valley between the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon mountains. Its waters From the Orontes headwaters in the Beqaa, down to the Amouk depression in the Province of Hatay through the Al Ghab depression, the river flows along this major tectonic axis and into the Mediterranean, below the city of Antakya. which some imposing quays can still be seen.
eight kilometers the Orontes flowed underground between the now popular sport of canoeing have an opportunity However, it is worth pointing out that, though there are many tributaries on this section (on the left bank, the Nafseh and the Nahr as Sarut Wadis that flow down the Jabal al Hulw; on the right bank, the Maydani Al Kafat and Al Durat Wadis), their inputs are mostly due to the surfaces that lie there and add on to the main catchment basin, more so than to seasonal if not temporary flow-rates – always rather slow compared to yearly averages. - The Al Ghab corresponds to a rift valley where sediment transported by the river is trapped. abundant spring which is the source of the river Orontes, The Orontes has long been a boundary marker. In this part, real tributaries have all but disappeared, due to the region’s marked aridity, sheltered as it is by the mountains: as a result, it receives less than 200 mm of precipitation per year. same name linking Syria with Lebanon. [5] The story of Strabo is apparently of Phoenician or Egyptian origin instead of Greek. Because of this unique trait, people in the region changed its name from ‘Axius’ to ‘Assi’ which means ‘rebel’; the river has also been called Draco, Typhon, and now is also known as the Orontes River. Finally, groundwater is deemed able to provide approximately 56% of water needs for agriculture in the whole basin of the Syrian Orontes, where the irrigated area is estimated at about 85,000 ha (Alchami, 2000). It should be noted that it is at high water (April-June) that agriculture water needs peak. In 637 A.D. the Battle of Iron bridge was fought between the forces of the Rashidun Caliphate and the Byzantine Empire near the Iron bridge on the river made by Romans. around which many tales have been woven. Pages | Recipes from Beirut to Hermel, 143km.
over the river of the same name. The volume of the Orontes waters, as it exits Lebanon, is estimated at 403 million m3, of which 80 Mm3 are allocated to Lebanon according to the Syro Lebanese water sharing agreement .
Even today, the drainage of the Ghab remains difficult during very wet years, despite all the work that has already been done (Besançon and Sanlaville 1993, p. 19). | Chat
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