Please consider the environment before printing, All text is © British Library and is available under Creative Commons Attribution Licence except where otherwise stated. In 1878 London University admitted women to two colleges, Bedford College, and the Royal Holloway College opened by Queen Victoria in 1886, which was funded by the proceeds of patent medicines. Travel on horseback (or on donkeys, or even camels) was often impossible to do sidesaddle because the animal had not been "broken" (trained) for sidesaddle riding. Both institutions might have remained unique in their own areas had not feminist educators brought two powerful factors into play. Very little is known of her early life (her own stories of it are highly embroidered) but she managed to attract the attention of people in powerful places, such that Charles II employed her as a spy in Antwerp in 1666, during the time of the Second Anglo-Dutch War. the best experience on our website. This was the beginning of all female colleges. The problem between 1840 and 1870 was finding careers for unmarried middle-class ladies and of fashioning an education that would fit them for it. "[12], 'The Household General' is a term coined in 1861 by Isabella Beeton in her influential manual Mrs Beeton's Book of Household Management. Victorian literature and art was full of examples of women paying dearly for straying from moral expectations. Even then, the university was allowed to limit the numbers of female students relative to men, and used that power to the full. Riding costumes for women were introduced that used breeches or zouave trousers beneath long coats in some countries, while jodhpurs breeches used by men in India were adopted by women. This increase in female education led to renewed demands for the vote. Poor masters could profit from the unpaid labour of children taken from the parish workhouse. Schooling was for the male gender, and if a woman wanted to go to school, she was looked down upon. Though this was often ignored by poorer parents who needed the income from child labour, it did mean that all girls were guaranteed an education in law, if not in fact. The Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution were coterminous at this point in history and brought the new thoughts about women’s rights to England … This too is problematic.
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As a woman of sexual experience without marital constraints, she was often imagined as a potential threat to the social order.". //